RN Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Extract 2 fl. oz.
Artichoke is popular for its pleasant bitter taste, which is
attributed mostly to a plant chemical called cynarin found in the green
parts of the plant. Cynarin is considered one of artichoke's main biologically
active chemicals. Other documented "active" chemicals include flavonoids,
sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenols and caffeoylquinic acids. Raintree
Nutrition's Concentrated Artichoke Extract uses new and proprietary extraction
methods to concentrate and preserve the active ingredients found in this
wonderful plant. Concentration and extraction methods provide the equivalent of
500 mg of artichoke leaf and fruit per milliliter of extract.
Traditional Uses:* for gallstones and as a liver and
gallbladder bile stimulant; for high cholesterol; for digestive disorders; for
irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and other bowel problems; to support
liver function
Ingredients: Artichoke leaf and fruit (Cynara scolymus) extracted
in distilled water, 40% vegetable glycerine, and 10% ethanol.
Suggested Use: 60 drops (2 ml) 2 or more times daily
or as desired.
Contraindications: None reported.
Drug Interactions: May enhance the effect of
cholesterol-reducing drugs.
Third-Party
Published Research*
This Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. All
available third-party research on artichoke can be found at
PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on artichoke is
shown below:
Anti-cholesterol Actions:
Lupattelli, G., et al. “Artichoke juice improves endothelial function in
hyperlipemia.” Life Sci. 2004 Dec; 76(7):775-82.
Thompson Coon, J. S., et al. “Herbs for serum cholesterol reduction: a
systematic view.” J. Fam. Pract. 2003; 52(6): 468-78.
Shimoda, H., et al. “Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene
glycosides from the leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure
requirement and mode of action.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003; 13(2):
223–28.
Gebhardt, R. “Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke
extracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment.” Phytother. Res.
2002; 16(4): 368–72.
Wegener, T. “The status of herbal antilipemic agents.” Wien. Med. Wochenschr.
2002; 152(15-16): 412-7.
Englisch, W., et al. “Efficacy of artichoke dry extract in patients with
hyperlipoproteinemia.” Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 40(3): 260–65.
Gebhardt, R. “Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara
scolymus L.) and of their metabolites.” Med. Sci. Monit. 2001 May; 7
Suppl 1:316-20.
Gebhardt, R. “Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat
hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts.” J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998; 286(3): 1122–28.
Brown, J. E., et al. “Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density
lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro.” Free Radic. Res. 1990;
29(3): 247–55.
Wojcicki, J., et al. “Cynarin and hyperlipidemia” Wiad. Lek. 1977 Oct;
30(19): 1539-41
Pristautz, H., et al. “Cynarin in the modern management of hyperlipemia.”
Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 1975; 125(49): 705–9.
Montini, M., et al. “Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of
hyperlipemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases.” Arzneimittelforschung
1975; 25(8): 1311–14.
Bobnis, W., et al. “Case of primary hyperlipemia treated with cynarin.” Wiad.
Lek. 1973; 26(13): 1267–70.
Grogan, J. L., et al. “Potential hypocholesterolemic agents: dicinnamoyl esters
as analogs of cynarin.” J. Pharm. Sci. 1972; 61(5): 802–3.
Digestive Actions:
Emendorfer, F., et al. “ Antispasmodic activity of fractions and cynaropicrin
from Cynara scolymus on guinea-pig ileum.” Biol. Pharm. Bull.
2005; 28(5): 902-4.
Emendorfer, F., et al. “Evaluation of the relaxant action of some Brazilian
medicinal plants in isolated guinea-pig ileum and rat duodenum.” J. Pharm.
Pharm. Sci. 2005 Mar; 8(1): 63-8.
Wittemer, S. M., et al. “ Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic
acids and flavonoids after oral administration of Artichoke leaf extracts in
humans.” Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(1-2): 28-38.
Bundy, R., et al. “Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel
syndrome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering
from concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis.” J. Altern. Complement. Med.
2004 Aug; 10(4): 667-9.
Holtmann, G., et al. “Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of
patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind,
multicentre trial.” Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003 Dec; 18(11-12):
1099-105.
Walker, A. F., et al. “Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable
bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study.” Phytother. Res.
2001; 15(1): 58-61.
Wegener, T., et al. “Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)” Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 1999;
149(8-10): 241-7.
Actions on Gallstones & the Gallbladder:
Glasl, S., et al. "Choleretic effects of the Mongolian medicinal plant
Saussurea amara in the isolated perfused rat liver." Planta Med. 2006
Dec 19;
Benedek, B., et al. "Choleretic effects of yarrow (Achillea millefolium
S.L.) in the isolated perfused rat liver." Phytomedicine. 2006 Nov;
13(9-10): 702-6.
Hiner, A. N., et al. “ Kinetic study of the effects of calcium ions on cationic
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) peroxidase: calcium binding, steady-state
kinetics and reactions with hydrogen peroxide.” Biochimie. 2004;
86(9-10): 667-76.
Saenz Rodriguez, T., et al. “Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of
lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats.”
Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec; 9(8): 687-93.
Gebhardt, R. “Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara
scolymus L.) and of their metabolites.” Med. Sci. Monit. 2001; (7)
Suppl. 1: 316–20.
Liver Protective Actions:
Speroni, E., et al. “Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations
on liver complaints.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun; 86(2-3): 203-11.
Betancor-Fernandez, A., et al. “Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing
extracts of turmeric rhizome, artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or
salmon oil for antioxidant capacity.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2003; 55(7):
981-6.
Gebhardt, R. “Prevention of taurolithate-induced hepatic bile canalicular
distortions by HPLC-characterized extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
leaves.” Planta Med. 2002; 68(9): 776–79.
Aktay, G., et al. “Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on
experimental liver injury.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov; 73(1-2): 121-9.
Adzet, T., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from
Cynara scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat
hepatocytes.” J. Nat. Prod. 1987; 50(4): 612–17.
Maros, T., et al. “Effects of Cynara scolymus extracts on the
regeneration of rat liver. 1.” Arzneimittelforschung 1966; 16(2): 127–29.
Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
Li, H., et al. “Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
up-regulate endothelial-type nitric-oxide synthase gene expression in human
endothelial cells.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004 Sep; 310(3): 926-32.
Stoev, S. D., et al. “Experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens induced by
ochratoxin A and penicillic acid and intervention with natural plant extracts.”
Vet. Res. Commun. 2004 Nov; 28(8): 727-46.
Jimenez-Escrig, A., et al. “In vitro antioxidant activities of edible
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidants
in rats.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Aug; 51(18): 5540-5.
Wang, M., et al. “Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara
scolymus L.).” J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Jan; 51(3): 601-8.
Llorach, R., et al. “Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a
potential source of health-promoting antioxidant phenolics.” J. Agric. Food
Chem. 2002 Jun; 50(12): 3458-64.
Cervellati, R., et al. “Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some natural
polyphenolic compounds using the Briggs-Rauscher reaction method.” J. Agric.
Food Chem. 2002 Dec; 50(26): 7504-9.
Zapolska-Downar, D., et al. “Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara
scolymus) against oxidative stress induced in cultured endothelial cells and
monocytes.” Life Sci. 2002; 71(24): 2897.
Perez-Garcia, F., et al. “Activity of artichoke leaf extract on reactive oxygen
in human leukocytes.” Free Rad. Res. 2000; 33(5): 661–65.
Gebhardt, R., et al. “Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from
leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against
hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes.” Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144(2): 279–86.
Antimicrobial Actions:
Yang, B., et al. "Metabolic profile of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in rats, an in
vivo and in vitro study." Drug Metab. Dispos. 2005; 33(7): 930-6.
Zhu, X. F., et al. “Antifungal activity of Cynara scolymus L. extracts.”
Fitoterapia. 2005 ; 76(1): 108-11.
Zhu, X., et al. “Phenolic compounds from the leaf extract of artichoke (Cynara
scolymus L.) and their antimicrobial activities.” J. Agric. Food Chem.
2004 Dec; 52(24): 7272-8.
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